Photo montage

Photo montage

 

 

The term, ''Photo montage,'' means when someone makes a composition or 2 or more images together by either cutting them or joining them and creating a whole new image.

It was promoted by the German Dadaists to construct rather than paint.

 

The first famous photo montage image is ''The two ways of life,'' which is a mid-Victorian image. Fantasy photo montages were very popular in the Victorian era.

 

 

 

 

Romare Bearden used a series of black and white photomontage projections as a technique. His method started off by compositions of paper, paint and photos on boards.

 

Photo montage is the opposite of collage as collage has sharp edges while photo montage blends together.

 

The meaning of juxtaposition of the images are: newspaper, posters, catalogues, tickets and letters.

 

One can create several things with these programs, especially nowadays as we have all these programs to help us. Some photos are so well manipulated that you wont even notice that they are manipulated. Photo manipulation can play with our vision, we can be unsure about the things that we're seeing, the depths, the location, perspective and space.

 

Nowadays, photo montage became much easier because of the computer and new technology. Such programs are: Photoshop, Paint shop pro, Corel photopaint, Pixelmator and GIMP.

 

 

 

References:

 

Photomontage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Photomontage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photomontage. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

 

Kinds of Photomontage . 2015. Kinds of Photomontage . [ONLINE] Available at: http://courses.washington.edu/hypertxt/cgi-bin/book/pmontage/kindsofpm.html. [Accessed 30 January 2015].



Semiotics/Wolfgang Weingart

Semiotics

 



Semiotics means the study of signs and symbols. It is applied to linguistics but it's equally important with visual language. It refers to: buildings, interiors and products tat have been designed to mean something and to have a value.

 

 

We can find these semiotics in our lives too such as icon which is a clear representation of the object itself for example photo drawings, another thing is index which is indicating something and symbols that have no resemblance to the real object.

                                                         

                                                           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A sign should have both the signifier and the signified. Communication must always have a meaning otherwise it would be useless and misunderstood.
 

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Wolfgang Weingart

 

 

 

Weingart is mostly knowned for his typographic explorations. He taught typography at the Schule für Gestaltung Basel. In 1958, he studied in applied art and design at Merz Academy in Stuttgart.


 Swiss inspirations was clearly seen on the business cards, as Swiss design was invading at that time.  

 

He influenced the international development of typography. He was also an instructor of typography.

He combines graphical and typography elements. His typographic elements spread into different eras of typesetting technology: letterpress, phototypesetting and the computer.  

 

 

 In 2000, Weingart published a monologue titled, ''M way to typography, a remarkable object of design in itself.

References:

 

Semiotics for Beginners: Signs. 2015. Semiotics for Beginners: Signs. [ONLINE] Available at: http://visual-memory.co.uk/daniel/Documents/S4B/sem02.html. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

 

AIGA | Wolfgang Weingart . 2015. AIGA | Wolfgang Weingart . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aiga.org/medalist-wolfgang-weingart/. [Accessed 15 January 2015].

Keith Tam: Wolfgang Weingart's typographic landscape. 2015. Keith Tam: Wolfgang Weingart's typographic landscape. [ONLINE] Available at: http://keithtam.net/writings/ww/ww.html. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

Explaining Semiotics - Infographic on Behance. 2015. Explaining Semiotics - Infographic on Behance. [ONLINE] Available at: https://www.behance.net/gallery/9474813/Explaining-Semiotics-Infographic. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

Constructivism

Constructivism

 

Constructivism started in Russia in 1919. It had some characteristics of: Cubism, Suprematism and Futurism. The objects created were not to be aesthetically pleasing but to carry out fundamental analysis of the materials.

 

The constructivists usually demonstrate how materials behave. The term itself has been used since the 1920's. Constructivism had also architecture, paintings, sculptures, literature and photography.

 

Some of the representative artists are:

Vladimir TatlinKasimir Malevich
Alexandra ExterWassily Kandinsky
Alexander Rodchenko
Robert Adams
El Lissitzky
Laszlo Moholy-Nagy
 

Graphic Design in Constructivism has: logos, packaging, posters, book covers and advertisements.

 

 

 
 

 Two important Constructivist artists: Rodchenko and Mayacovsky worked together in a group called Advertising constructors. They designed  images with bright colours, bold lettering and geometric shapes. It was meant to create a function emotionally and a reaction.  

The Constructivists used photomontage and it was common with Dadaism but less destructive. Some famous artists of this movement were: Vladimir Tatlin, Kasimir Malevich, Alexandra Exter, Robert Adams, and El Lissitzky.

Constructivism was mainly influenced among progressive artists and designers in Europe. It was an avant-garde movement of Russian art. It consists assemblage art or sculptures by Vladimir Taltin and it has a combination of the dynamism of Futurism and the geometry of Cubism.

El Lissitzky was a Russian artist, teacher, typographer, designer, photographer and architect. He was born in 1890 in Russia.










References:

 

 Constructivism : Design Is History. 2015. Constructivism : Design Is History. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.designishistory.com/1920/constructivism/. [Accessed 29 January 2015].
 

 Constructivism, Russian Art Movement: History, Characteristics. 2015. Constructivism, Russian Art Movement: History, Characteristics. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/constructivism.htm. [Accessed 30 January 2015].

 

 

Constructivism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. 2015. Constructivism Movement, Artists and Major Works | The Art Story. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.theartstory.org/movement-constructivism.htm. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

The History of Visual Communication - The Avantgarde. 2015. The History of Visual Communication - The Avantgarde. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.citrinitas.com/history_of_viscom/avantgarde.html. [Accessed 30 January 2015].
 



Timeline

Timeline

 

Arts and Crafts-William Morris, Kelscott Press-Art to reform society, Medieval art, Pre-raphaelites, Gothic.

 

 

Art Nouveau- Decorative elements-Japanese prints, Lithographs, chromolithography 1890-1920. Curves, Wiplash and female figure.

 

 

Art Deco- 1920-1940. Futurism-Italy/ Cubism-France, Constructivism, Film Industry, Ocean liners Entertainment, lack of decoration, new technologies.

 

 

De Stijl- Constructivism 1917, Russia. Primary colours, bold, rectilinear forms, red, white, black, use of sans serif, assymetrical layout.

 

 

Dada- WW1 1914 Zurich, photomontage, typography, Futurism-destruction of syntax.

 

 

Bauhaus- 1919, Germany-USA form follows function, Moholy Nagy, Mies Van Der Rohe.

 

 

New Typography- Jan Tschihold.

 

 

Swiss International Typography- Switzerland, Helvetica Keller, Josef Buller, Paul Rand, Brodovich.

 

New York School

 

Psychadelia- Pop, Andy Warhol, Wies Wilson, V.Moscoso and Peter Max.

 

Punk- Jamie Reid

 

Post-Modernism- Modernism sought to create a better world. Post-modernism seems to accept the world as it is.

 

 

 



David Carson

David Carson

 

 

David Carson is a well known Graphic designer and art director. He is one of the top Graphic artists at this time. He has influenced many people around the world. He used to teach in 1980. He published a monograph called, ''The End of print.'' He produced books, ad campaigns, videos and magazines.

When the magazine, ''Ray Gun,'' was launched in 1992, Carson was told to be the art director and the magazine became more popular.
In 1995-2003 he had his own studio and he worked for different clients, such as fashion, entertainment: Nike, Toyota and MTV.

David Carson uses experimental typography for his works. He also worked for Pepsi cola, Rayban, Budweiser, Giorgio Armani and Warner Bros. He was one of the top 40 magazine covers of all time.

In 2004, Carson also became a creative director of the Gibbes Museum of Art. In 2011 he was also a design director of Quicksilver Pro Surfing contest in France. He designed the branding of the Quicksilver in NY.

His layout consisted of distorted typefaces and fractured imagery that it was almost illegible.

This image is a 1993 ray gun magazine.

Ray gun magazine-1995. It had no grid or formula so that the individual could dictate where is the layout and direction.
Carson's approach to design is intuitive, personal and experimental.

His influence is lack of formal training and life experience. He also got influenced by a Swiss Designer, Hans Rudolf Lutz.  

His strongest skill is being able to speak visually and emotionally to different audiences.

References:

david carson design. 2015. david carson design. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.davidcarsondesign.com/. [Accessed 26 January 2015].

AIGA | David Carson . 2015. AIGA | David Carson . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.aiga.org/medalist-david-carson/. [Accessed 29 January 2015].

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International Typography

International Typography

 

The International Typographic Style is also known as The Swiss Style. It is developed in Switzerland in 1950. Some of its characteristics are: cleanliness, readability, objectivity, use of sans serif, use of grids, asymmetric layouts and ragged right text.

 

 

This poster has a use of mathematical grid, it has sans serif typeface, such as Helvetica, it's black and white photography and it's simple overall, clear, structured and objective.

 

 

An example of a typeface is: Akzidenz-Grotesk, it is sans serif and it was released in 1896. It was the first sans serif typeface that was often used later on in neo-grotesque typefaces.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Müller-Brockman

 

Muller Brockman was a Swiss graphic designer and a teacher. He used to study architecture, design and history of art in Zurich. In 1936 he opened his studio on graphic design and photography. He produced: The Graphic Artist and his Design Problems", "Grid Systems in Graphic Design" , the publications "History of the Poster" and "A History of Visual Communication". He used a lot simple designs and clean typography.

 

 

 

 

 

 

The journal of visual communication, was published in 1944, by Walter Herdeg. It consists of communication on design, photography, reports, advertising, logos, posters, book design, packaging, identity, brochures and other type of design that is associated with graphics.

 

It is a European influence. Some other Graphics magazines include:  Graphis Annual Reports Annual, Graphis Poster Annual, Graphis Design Annual, Graphis Advertising Annual, Graphis Photography Annual.

Some other important artists were: Max Bill, Emil Ruder and Armin Hofmann.

The Helvetica was developed in 1957 in Switzerland by Max Miedinger and Eduard Hoffmann. It is a sans serif typeface together with Akzidenz-Grotesk. The aim was to create a neutral typeface that shown clarity and could be widely used. It is simple and not complicated, on purpose so that it would be legible.

For Swiss designers, removing some useless elements makes it look much better. Instead of adding more to it, they remove stuff to make it look perfect. The use of the grid is very important for the Swiss designers, it helps them to insert information where it should be.

The Swiss style should be more focused on giving out data rather than the visual aspect. Minimal design should be chosen for this style so that it would be easier to read and understand. When the font size gets bigger, it means that it has more importance than the others.

References:

 

 :: The International Typographic Style Timeline :: .. . 2015. .. :: The International Typographic Style Timeline :: .. . [ONLINE] Available at: http://smearedblackink.com/swiss_style_timeline/. [Accessed 18 January 2015].

What is Swiss Style Typography?. 2015. What is Swiss Style Typography?. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.1stwebdesigner.com/swiss-style-typography/. [Accessed 23 January 2015].

Streamlining/Brand Identity

 

Streamlining/Brand Identity

 

 1929: Economic Depression

◦Poverty/unemployment

◦High rate of suicide

◦Bankruptcy companies

Companies tried to find a way how to get back on their feet

◦Tried to change the image of both the companies and their products

—

Example of  companies that tried to change their image during the economic depression

 

Walt Disney Production 

 

1930s: Great Depression

◦A new style was created known as Streamlining

◦To help make products feel modern and rekindle the consumerism attitude

◦It started with transport: road, rail, air

◦Developed to: fans, chairs, etc

◦Includes: Architecture and Graphic Design

Raymond Loewy

◦Helped in restoring the image of companies and products with the use of Streamlining

◦He is considered as ‘the father of Streamlining’

◦He was assisted by other designers: Henry Dreyfuss, Norman Bel Geddes, among others

◦Influences: Art Deco

◦Streamlining was simplified and became more flexible

 

Characteristics

◦Simplicity

◦Teardrops

◦Aerodynamic

◦Curves

 —Brand Identity: Peter Behrens

◦Designed the first logo of a company : AEG  (1907)

 

Raymond Loewy

•Raymond Loewy (November 5, 1893 - July 14, 1986).

• Born in France, he spent most of his professional career in the United States,  where he influenced many aspects of American life.

 

Shape and form between 1900 and 1930

 

 

 

Loewy was hired by Jersey Standard Oil Company to find a new name and design a 

new logo for its Esso brand.

 

 

1940-lucky strike

The transformation of the packaging included: Changing the background from green to white so that it would look more feminine.  Both sides of the packet are identical by featuring the logo on both sides. Sharpening up the typography.

 

 



 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coca Cola

 

Raymond Loewy made Coca-Cola bottle ​​more  streamlined so that the consumer could grab it with one hand.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 



 

 

 

 

Peter Behrens

 

Studied in Karlsruhe, Dusseldorf and Munich.

 

Designed the AEG factory.

 

1890-worked as a painter and graphic artist.

 

Founder of modern objective industrial architecture and modern industrial design.

  AEG

 

AEG-included: logos, packaging, PR and advertising materials.

 

Behrens combined functionality with elegance.

 

 

 

 



 

 

•      He was an architect then became a painter and Art Nouveau designer of decorative and graphic art.

•      Some of his earliest works in jugendstil-ornament drawings and Japanese art.

 

Well-knowned artists who followed Behrens-Walter Gropius, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, Jean Kramer and Adolf Meyer.
 
 
 
Water treatment-2009

Water filtration and purification

Design on products and packaging

Line of telecommunication products-The DECT phone, Cromo and Fono.
 

References:    

raymod loewy logos. March 2002.  [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.designboom.com/portrait/loewy.html. [Accessed 22 December 2014].

The history of the Shell logo - Shell Global. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.shell.com/global/aboutshell/who-we-are/our-history/history-of-pecten.html. [Accessed 12 January 2015].

Shell logo design evolution | Logo Design Love. APR 30, 2008. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.logodesignlove.com/shell-logo-design-evolution. [Accessed 22 December 2014].

Raymond Loewy designs | Art and design | The Guardian. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2013/nov/05/raymond-loewy-timeless-designs-in-pictures. [Accessed 12 January 2015].

Flyer Goodness: Vintage Lucky Strike Cigarette Packaging. 7-25-2012. [ONLINE] Available at: http://flyergoodness.blogspot.com/2012/07/vintage-lucky-strike-cigarette-packaging.html. [Accessed 22 December 2014].

Brand New: Lucky Strike/s Out. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/lucky_strikes_out.php#.VLFZLivF9PI. [Accessed 27 December 2014].

 

Ldc Logo. 2015. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/ASultany/ldc-logo. [Accessed 27 December 2014].

•iconic logo designers. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.logosdesigners.com/. [Accessed 27 December 2014].

•Shell logo design evolution | Logo Design Love. APR 30, 2008. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.logodesignlove.com/shell-logo-design-evolution. [Accessed 1 January 2015].

•la Lucky Strike électronique du Nouvel Obs - Arrêt sur images. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.arretsurimages.net/breves/2013-05-30/la-Lucky-Strike-electronique-du-Nouvel-Obs-id15616. [Accessed 1 January 2015]

•Raymond Loewy chiama, Design risponde | BalenaLab. 28 OTTOBRE 2014. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.balenalab.com/raymond-loewy-chiama-design-risponde/. [Accessed 1 January 2015].

•Raymond Loewy Fundation/The Designer Raymond Loewy ”Never leave well enough alone”. Unknown. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.raymondloewyfoundation.com/fileadmin/pdf/raymond_loewy/About_R._Loewy.pdf. [Accessed 2 January 2015].

Peter Behrens | Design History Research. 2015. Peter Behrens | Design History Research. [ONLINE] Available at: https://designhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/category/peter-behrens/. [Accessed 12 January 2015].

Peter Behrens: Biography of German Modernist Architect. 2015. Peter Behrens: Biography of German Modernist Architect. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/peter-behrens.htm. [Accessed 12 January 2015].